Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. They are less strong than solid dosage forms. the influence of the formulation on the stratum corneum. Large metal spatulas are used instead of smaller metal spatulas because they have the proper combination of flexibility and strength for adequate shearing and mixing. You might also find that gels work well as facial moisturizers during the hot and humid summer months. In general, creams are better than ointments for treating oozing or wet skin conditions like eczema. Learn how to add this skincare trend to your beauty regimen. These semi solid preparations are safe to use by the public and society. Condition Addiction Cancer Cardiovascular diseases Dermatology Diabetes Elderly care Gastrointestinal system diseases Infectious diseases Mental health Minor ailments Musculoskeletal conditions Neurological conditions Paediatrics and neonatal Pain: acute Pain: chronic Palliative care Renal diseases Respiratory tract diseases Sexual health Between stitches, twisted ankles, swollen eyes, deep bruises and a host of other ailments. (Photos courtesy of Professional Compounding Centers of America, Inc., Houston, Texas), View a video demonstration on levigating a powder, View a video demonstration on incorporating a drug into an ointment. Very sticky or thick ointments are often more easily made on a slab. Gel products typically contain a combination of cellulose, water, and alcohol. Extremely dry skin may also benefit from moisturizers in ointment form due to the same benefits. Ointments 1. Rarely, an antifungal drug may cause serious problems like: Liver damage ( jaundice ). All rights reserved. 02. Pros. The prime ingredients in diabetic wounds salve are natural and thus do not pose any threats of reactions and allergies. Another common example is Neosporin. The several distinct advantages of the transdermal drug delivery system is that the skin presents a relatively large and readily accessible surface area (12 m2) for absorption, which can be used to an advantage by application of a patch-like device to the skin surface, which is a non-invasive and thus a patient compliant procedure that allows continuous intervention. Dr. Sonali Singh Priyanka Drugs of larger particle size do not absorb through the skin. In this case, dissolution of this precipitate is required for oral absorption. Disadvantages of ointments include the following They are bulkier than solid dosage forms. If a larger portion of oil is to be added, the addition of more emulsifier may be necessary. There is no need for complicated procedures. Eye ointments have certain disadvantagesalthough they are well tolerated and safe, they cause, among other things, blurring of vision and sometimes have irritating effects, because of which they are mainly applied night-time . Ex: Petrolatum and mineral oil, Petrolatum and fatty alcohol. The role of moisturizers in addressing various kinds of dermatitis: A review. Do not sell or share my personal information. Learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate, thorough, and unbiased by reading our. Wipe off ointment from the threads of the jar. If heat is used to incorporate the oil, it is important to work quickly so that water is not evaporated from the product. (2019). QF possesses good solubility in aqueous fluids (1) and ethanol. Aesthetic Considerations of Oral Liquid Dosage Forms, Ointments: Preparation & Evaluation of Drug Release, Pharmaceutical Solutions I: Simple, Saturated, Syrups, Pharmaceutical Solutions II: Nonaqueous Solutions, Factors Influencing the Solubility of Drugs, How to Approach a Veterinary Prescription, Medication Administration & Client Counseling, Pharmaceutical Care of Select Avians & Exotics, Veterinary Pharmacy Information Resources, myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, glycerol, benzalkonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, oleaginous base + water (< 45% w/w) + w/o surfactant (HLB, oleaginous base + water (> 45% w/w) + o/w surfactant (HLB, unstable, especially alkali soaps and natural colloids, unstable, especially alkali soaps and natural colloids; nonionics better, solids, oils, and aqueous solutions (small amounts), solid and aqueous solutions (small amounts), protectants, emollients (+/-), vehicles for hydrolyzable drugs, protectants, emollients (+/-), vehicles for aqueous solutions, solids, and non-hydrolyzable drugs, emollients, cleansing creams, vehicles for solid, liquid, or non-hydrolyzable drugs, emollients, vehicles for solid, liquid, or non-hydrolyzable drugs, Hydrophilic Petrolatum, Anhydrous Lanolin, Aquabase, Aquaphor, Polysorb, Cold Cream type, Hydrous Lanolin, Rose Water Ointment, Hydrocream, Eucerin, Nivea, Hydrophilic Ointment, Dermabase, Velvachol, Unibase. They are useful as emollients and protectants. 2. DISADVANTAGES: Although they are well tolerated and safe, they cause, among, blurring of vision and sometimes have irritating effects, because of which they are mainly applied nighttime. Eyes that are burning or stinging can get relief, even if it is only the temporary kind. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Each container, including the final container, cannot be entered more than twice to prepare the CSP. Preadability. In the next several steps, you will make 3 folds in the ointment tube. However, several chemicals have been found that promote the percutaneous absorption of drugs. If youve gone to purchase a topical medication online or at your local pharmacy, you may have noticed that these medications are often available in a few distinct versions. water. Insoluble powders will require a water miscible levigating agent such as glycerin, propylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol 400. (2008). (2019). 1. They extend the contact time among the drug and the affected area. 1996 2023 Dr. Robert Shrewsbury & the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy. It is composed of three layers of stratified tissue: epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. Retapamulin is a topical antibiotic available as a 1% ointment. These differences in appearances and textures are due to the various amounts of oil and water they each contain. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Topical drug classification. Place the tube in the ointment tube box, and affix appropriate label(s). If the skin opens up and becomes exposed, then you should apply an antibiotic cream, otherwise you should not apply anything extra to a burn because it will slow the healing. Also, a burn should be kept dry and clean so putting any type of ointment will prolong the healing process. It is no secret that kids are always getting sick. The disadvantages of petrolatum as an ointment base, i.e., greasiness, stickiness, and viscosity-temperature variations, can largely be overcome by the use of mineral oil gelled with certain waxes . They also provide immediate relief for dry and, Coconut oil is said to have many health benefits, such as aiding digestion and helping to balance your hormones. For more information consultRemingtons. Due to their water content, creams are easily absorbed in the skin. National Eczema Society. The dosage form (e.g. Here, well compare ointments, creams, and lotions. Expensive: The best and most effective skin brightener creams are usually expensive. Creams have some oil, while lotions and gels contain more water. She's very passionate about the work and always gives her best. Moisturizers: The slippery road. TopicTopic:-:- OINTMENTSOINTMENTS Presented To:- Presented By:- Dr. Sonali Singh Priyanka Singh Assiatant Professor Chaudhary M. Pharm I year Department of Pharmaceutical Science BBAU (Central University) Lucknow U.P. The best topical product will vary for each person due to certain factors like skin type, application site, and skin condition. In fact, skin-related health conditions impact as many as 1 in 3 people at any given time. Ex: Nitroglycerine ointment. The major disadvantage of the semi-solid dosage form is that it has no dose accuracy and it needs to be applied directly. Incorporating insoluble drugs into these bases can be done mechanically or by fusion. Oleaginous bases: They are used as protestants, emollients, and vehicles for hydrolysable drugs. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. They are used as protestants, emollients, and vehicles for hydrolysable drugs. When comparing topical products to each other, each type of topical product has a few advantages and disadvantages. Crystallization of dissolved substances: when the granules dry, crystallisation of this material takes place and the dissolved substance acts as a hardening binder. So if youve ever been confused about needing an ointment versus a cream or lotion, youre not alone. Creams are emulsions and are typically opaque, thick liquids or soft solids used for their emollient properties. 4) Though semisolid allow more flexibility in dose . This will reveal air pockets that may have formed. Of course, as we grew older our tolerance for pain improved but the injuries just got more severe. Ointments are generally 80% oil and 20% water, and creams are typically 50% oil and 50% water. Preservatives are used to decrease microbial growth. In general, Pharmaceutical creams, ointments, gels, suppositories, and paste are greasy and they difficult to clean. When both an oil and aqueous phase are being mixed together to make an ointment, it is helpful to heat the aqueous phase a few degrees higher than the oil phase prior to mixing. It can be easily treated with antibiotics and even prevented with good hygiene. Solid: powder, tablet, capsule, transdermal patches. Lotions can be either suspensions or emulsions but are fluid liquids that are typically used for their lubricating effect. May cause staining. Jhonson F. et al. Severe allergic reactions like anaphylaxis. Ex: Plant origin - Acacia, Tragacanth, Pectin, and Xanthan; Animal origin - Gelatin, Egg yolk, Wool fat, Wax, and Lecithin. Many ophthalmic ointments are found to be heavily contaminated with pathogenic micro-organisms. These saturated fatty acids, A process is disclosed for separating low molecular weight alcohols, especially 3 It is available in topical and oral forms. What are the disadvantages of ointment as a drug delivery method? If a child comes in contact with certain bacteria, the child can get a rash that is actually a bacterial infection called Impetigo. Additionally, cool water is gentler in removing the heat that is trapped in the skin. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. A bolus should be flexible and pliable so it can contour the skin surface without any air gaps. Ointments are best when treating dry skin conditions, such as psoriasis. The development of an ulcer is dependent upon many factors and it is important that these factors be reduced as much as possible to limit the causes for tissue degradation. If the drug will dissolve in a small amount of water, the aqueous solution can be added directly to the base using a pill tile and spatula. There are, however, a few disadvantages to the use of ophthalmic ointments. Water, glycerin, alcohol, or propylene glycol would be suitable levigating agents. Active pharmaceutical ingredient is the main ingredient in the preparation of ointment. The use of co-solvents is a highly effective technique to enhance the solubility of poorlysoluble drugs.1416 Distinctions between lotions and creams are open to individual interpretation. Being occlusive, an ointment will allow the medication to enter the skin more completely than a cream. Disadvantages People self treat things that require more attention. Diagnosing this virus is made in specific laboratories only where there are suitable means for testing and protecting the laboratory technicians (https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/smallpox/fact_sheet). 2. For example, many patients will experience temporarily blurred vision and tear film instability following application. 1. Emulsified as well as anhydrous form can be used. Cite Transdermal drug delivery system: An, On the contrary,it also indicates the necessity of a skin friendly moisturiser to replenish moisture loss. You could be given eye ointment for several reasons: Acute or long-term eye problems; Eye infections Also, while rinsing the burn under water, you should remove any clothing that is near the burn to avoid any further swelling or damage to the skin. As vagina is more sensitive to infections, the ointment should be free from microorganisms, molds and yeasts. To incorporate an insoluble drug into these bases, pulverize the powder on the pill tile or with a mortar and pestle (above/right). The ointment is applied to the damaged area as a thin layer and spread levelly using gentle pressure with the fingertips. When application of an exact quantity of ointment to the affected area is required, it is tough to discover the same. Similar to gels, ointments take more time to become effective and can cause blurry vision when they are applied. Impetigo, a bacterial infection common in kids, show up as a bumpy red rash and can be treated with antibiotics such as a newly tested medicine called Retapamulin. Ex: PEG ointment, Polybase. Ex: Bentonite and Magnesium aluminum silicate. GoodRx is not offering advice, recommending or endorsing any specific prescription drug, pharmacy or other information on the site. Creams and ointments can be either medicinal or cosmetic. The use of excessive shear when the ointment base (or finished formulation) is cold/thick will cause loss of structure and viscosity. Most minor burns will heal on their own without any forms of treatment. Lactic acid is popularly known as an alpha hydroxyl acid (AHA) in the cosmetics industry. They mainly act to reduce the interfacial tension between oil and water phases. Introduction to different dosage form part 9.ppt, Cell-Division-Mitosis-Biology-Lecture-PowerPoint-VCBCct.ppsx. There are several disadvantages as well including difficulty swallowing for some patients and taking longer to absorb than liquid medications. Source (2009). In the world of skin care, balms are another common formulation. The presence of ichthammol is necessary as it facilitates the softening of the region around the infected region. This will minimize layering of the ointment in the packaging container. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. If the insoluble substance has a different salt form that is aqueous soluble, consideration should be given to using that salt form. The composition of salves clearly indicates their efficacy since these ingredients are well known for their skin repairing properties. *Varies depending upon specific content of the ointment base and the relative polarity of the drug(s) incorporated. Generic development of topical dermatological products: Formulation development, process development, and testing of topical dermatologic products. Also, their Rf values indicate that the recrystallized solute moved less distance compare to the crude product and started material., Some of which could be when the most convenient of drug intake methods (the oral route) is not feasible. When the stratum corneum hydrates, it becomes more permeable. Petrolatum and mineral oil, Petrolatum and fatty alcohol. Social approach that do not require prescription they are safe. Like all medications, these topical products have their pros and cons. Melt the stearyl alcohol and white petrolatum on a hot plate. Solubility, Blood is an instance of a naturally buffered answer. Creams, which can also work well for dry skin, may offer a better alternative if you dont want the greasy feel that many oil-based products leave behind. Advantages of ointments include the following : Handling of ointments is easier than large liquid dosage forms. Percutaneous (through the skin) absorption is the result of three competing processes: Although the percutaneous absorption of drugs is a complex process, several generalizations are possible: Percutaneous administration affords an ease of administration not found in other routes, and patient compliance is generally good with dermatological formulations. Aloe vera: A short review. Dermatoses such as eczema and psoriasis can also hydrate the stratum corneum and increase the absorption of some drugs. The powder is taken on an ointment-slab and triturated with a small amount of the base. While taking with prescription medicines that may cause drug interactions. How to pick the right moisturizer for your skin. Thanks to Dr. Natalie Young for contributing the veterinary compounding and veterinary pharmacy library. This combination locks in moisture more effectively than creams and lotions, which are normally made with more water. Regardless, you may have noticed a few differences between them. Burden of skin disease. Paraffin wax, Vaseline gauze, wet gauze or towels, and water bags are noncommercial materials that can be used. Uses or Applications of Ointments Uses of ointments include the following: If a larger quantity of water is needed to solubilize the drug or if an aqueous solution is being added to the base, heat may be needed to compound the formulation. Instead, they create a barrier to lock in moisture. Ointments are homogenous, translucent, viscous semi-solid preparations, most commonly a greasy,thick oil intended for external application to the skin or mucous membrane. Can You Use Coconut Oil to Treat a Yeast Infection? To put it another way, the choice between an ointment, cream, lotion, or gel might depend on the skin concern you want to address. GoodRx provides no warranty for any information. What is the advantage of cream over Ointment? The inner pH of maximum dwelling cells is near 7.zero., Although primarily used as moisturizers and pH regulators, they possess multiple other properties such as antimicrobial activity, skin lightening, and skin hydration. A common example is hydrocortisone. Your skins composition can play a role in which product type might be best for your skin. alcohol containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms. 1 What are the advantages and disadvantages of ointments and creams? Formulation of ointments include the following: Active pharmaceutical ingredient is the main ingredient in the preparation of ointment. (2013). The skin condition that youre treating is also a big factor. topical) indicated. Add a second portion of the ointment to the spatulated mixture that is about the same size. A cosmetic cream preparation should be stable throughout the processes and storages. You can also find oil-free lotions, which might be ideal for combination, oily, or acne-prone skin. Add an amount of the ointment that is approximately equal in size to the Calamine. Again, creams contain equal parts oil and water. After the solution cooled to the room temperature and vacuum filtration was done again on recrystallization product, the solution was a white shiny with crystalline solid appearance. Department of Pharmaceutical Science Itchy skin, burning sensation or skin rash. It is necessary that the ointment neither penetrates the human skin barriers nor facilitates the absorption of substances through this barrier. Topical dosage forms have been used throughout human history; for instance, ointments are mentioned many times in the Bible. The spinal cord carries messages between the body and the brain. You can unsubscribe at any time. Remove from heat and stir the mixture until it congeals. The best topical medication will vary from person-to-person. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. Lucknow U.P. While ointments tend to work best for patches of skin, the water contained in creams makes them more useful for widespread use. Quetiapine Fumarate Case Study 3223 Words | 13 Pages An antiseptic ointment is used to inhibit the growth of bacteria. We've updated our privacy policy. What are the advantages of absorption bases? and fill the bottom of the ointment jar. You might, for example, use an ointment for your hands and feet and a thinner cream or lotion for your face and the rest of your body. Higher drug absorption.. Diagnosing smallpox can be made in several ways; by the signs and symptoms that the person presides with; by withdrawing the variola virus from the persons blood or from the lesions; and from antibodies found in the infected persons blood that reacted to the virus. ethanol, from aqueous mixtures This agent inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit on the ribosome. Co-solvents may be combined with other solubilization techniques and pH adjustment to further increase solubility of poorly soluble compounds. The high absorption rate of gels can leave your skin feeling less oily overall, and it could help make breakouts less likely. Hydrophilic petrolatum, Anhydrous lanolin, Aquabase, Aquaphor, Polysorb. the potential of the drug to cross the stratum corneum, the potential of the drug to leave the formulation. The appearances of the TLC for the crude product, starting material and recrystallized appear to the similar; they all looked dark brown under the UV light. Psoriasis is a common dermatosis, affecting from 1 to 3 percent of the population. Oil in water emulsion bases: They are used as drug vehicles. The ointment is applied as a narrow band of approximately 0.25 0.5 inch. Water in oil emulsion bases: They are used as emollients, cleansing creams, vehicles for solid, liquid or non hydrolysable drugs. Surjushe A, et al. Subjuct to the therapeutic, has been more common in the silver nitrate group than in the Sulfamylon group. If you're interested in adding retinol to your skin care routine, we've got you covered with our top picks for retinol creams for all skin types. Therefore, occlusive dressings are often used to hydrate the stratum corneum and increase the penetration of certain drugs. Gunpowder has many things about it; when, why, where, and how gunpowder was made and how it changed warfare. Ointments, which can be petroleum- or oil-based, tend to be greasy and occlusive. They are used as emollients, cleansing creams, vehicles for solid, liquid or non hydrolysable drugs. Disadvantages of semi-solid dosage form There is no dosage accuracy in this type of dosage form The base which is used in the semi-solid dosage form can be easily oxidized. It is the stratum corneum that is the barrier to drug penetration through the skin. School of Pharmacy, Bharat Institute of Technology, Meerut, Semisolid dosage forms: Paste and Jellies, Packaging material for various formulations, 4 vol. Thickeners are used to increase the viscosity and improve stability. As the new cells develop, they displace the outer epidermal cells. Boluses may be applied on scars, superficial lymph nodes, or on uneven skin surfaces (McDermott & Orton, 2010). It may take a bit of trial and error to find the right product for your skin type and current needs. Ointments allow greater penetration of the active . More drug is absorbed when the formulation is applied to a larger surface area. When both phases have reached the desired temperature, remove both phases from the hot plate and add the aqueous phase slowly and with constant stirring to the oil phase. The primary difference between the two lies in the ratio between oil and water. This will change the consistency of the final product making it more stiff than desired. Prednicarbate 0.1%. These products tend to be very thick, almost solid, and they may have a waxy texture. Following liquefication, remove from heat and allow the mixture to congeal. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Depending on your skincare routine and medications that you use, your healthcare provider can give you more specific guidance on how to use your products together in a safe and effective way. 3) As compared to solid dosage forms, semisolid preparation are more bulky to handle. Rotate the jar. Disadvantages of Ointments Fat-based ointments (protective ointments) reduce the ability to grip and reduce quality of work. This site was designed & developed by Kevin Robinson & Jason Whitley. These formulations are typically manufactured. The temperature of the process is between 180 to 350 C.Here the alcohol is Disadvantages of an ointment 1) These oily semisolid preparations are staining and cosmetically less aesthetic. Physico-chemically less stable than solid dosage form. Balms contain base ingredients, like fatty oils and waxes, rather than the water used in creams and lotions. Here are some frequently asked questions about Ointments to help you out. Geometric dilution involves a series of dilution steps. Skin-related health conditions affect millions of people around the country. What are the types of ointment bases? There are five (5) classes or types of ointment bases which are differentiated on the basis of their physical composition. Local and Systemic Effects of Dermatological Formulations. Advertisement. 5. These are: Each ointment base type has different physical characteristics and therapeutic uses based upon the nature of its components. Stir briskly and continuously until congealed. Basically creams are meant for application onto the skin.