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"10. The Bible is not specific as to the exact date. Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. It was in the area between this Havilah and Shur that Saul defeated the Amalekites and captured Agag, their king (I Sam. 1150-985 BCE), viz., the second dynasty of Isin, the second dynasty of the Sealand, and the Bazi dynasty, had Akkadian, Kassite, and hybrid (Akkadian-Kassite) names. KASSITES, a people who probably originated in the Zagros and who ruled Babylonia in the 16th-12th centuries BCE. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. 1360 to 1220 BCE. According to Genesis 10, they were the descendants of Heth, son of Canaan, who was the son of Ham, born of Noah (Genesis 10: 1-6). It is mostly translated as "Ur of the Chaldeans." The problem with "Chaldeans" is that it is a late word used in the Neo-Babylonian times. The Kassites kings pursued a policy of dynastic marriages with rulers of the other contemporary Near Eastern powers, namely, Elam (from the reign of Burnaburia II onwards until that of Meli-hu; see van Dijk, 1986, pp. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Bible Charts and Maps, PO Box 171053, Austin, TX 78717 Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi 144 ff.). A Middle Babylonian Legal Document Raising Problems in Kassite Chronology. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. C. Edens, On the Complexity of Complex Societies: Structure, Power, and Legitimation in Kassite Babylonia, in G. Stein and M. S. Rothman eds., Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity, Monographs in World Archaeology 18, Madison, Wis, 1994, pp. Kassite deities were the pantheon of the Kassites ( Akkadian: Ka, from Kassite Galzu [1] ), a group inhabiting parts of modern Iraq (mostly historical Babylonia and the Nuzi area), as well as Iran and Syria, in the second and first millennia BCE. They were the Babylonians in the south and the Assyrians to the north. Through their efforts, Babylon had become a recognized world power. : Die Kassiten, in K. Bartl, R. Bernbeck, and M. Heinz, eds., Zwischen Euphrat und Indus. The event is recorded in Genesis 12. The new rulers, non-Babylonians known as Kassites, adopted Babylonian conventions in their royal iconography and inscriptions. The Kassites ( / ksats /) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1531 BC and until c. 1155 BC ( short chronology ). The Babylonian Empire. The genealogies of the Bible reveal that intermarriage of the ruler-priests lines continued to the time of Jesus. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. [39][40][41], The Babylonian and Assyrian king lists mention eight or nine early Kassite rulers whose names are not fully known and who precede the following kings. Most sukallu officials bore Kassite names as late as the period of the second Isin dynasty (see Brinkman, 1976-80, pp. The texts from the Kassite Period (1600-1160 BCE) start to overlap with the biblical texts of the Old Testament because at this point most nations already had developed a written language and new technologies allowed for communications to now be written down and passed along to others. (Joshua 24:2 NIV), So because Gideon broke down Baals altar, they gave him the name Jerub-Baal that day, saying, Let Baal contend with him. (Judges 6:32 NIV), You must not worship the LORD your God in their way, because in worshiping their gods, they do all kinds of detestable things the LORD hates. The Kassite penetration into Mesopotamia. An Elamite, Kutir-Nahhunte, captures the last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi (1157 - 1155 B.C. ). Iraq, vol. A general or Prince called Tuthmoses (later just Moses) whose adopted mother named him after herself, Ahmose was Pharoah of Egypt with his adopted mother mother for a time and may have even been Pharoah by himself as Ahmose I. Ahmose II was most likely the Pharoah of the Exodus. The Kassites, an ancient people who spoke neither an Indo-European nor a Semitic language, originated in Lorestn. Historians and scholars claim that their rule was the longest in the history of ancient Babylon. The Kassites first appear as a political factor in Babylonia in 1742 (or 1741) BCE, when they were opposed by both Samsiluna and Rm-Sn Is (see Stol, 1975, pp. This document includes a graphic timeline (imagemap) and a hypertexted text timeline Adding the years given by the King List to that date would place the beginning of the dynasty in the 18th century BCE, when rulers of the Hammurabi dynasty controlled Babylon. What type of medicine do you put on a burn? This negative find, compared with the hypothetical appearance of Kassite names in the documents from Old Babylonian Susa, may strengthen the case for an eastern origin of the Kassites. 471-589. [55] Other similar glass dated 1500 BC was found at Tell al-Rimah. Kassites (among others) were included in the workforces (mostly agricultural laborers): individuals defined as Kassites (Ka) or bearing Kassite names appear in ration lists. This region became increasingly unsafe, especially during the reign of Samsuditana, the last ruler of the Hammurabi dynasty. 174-190, Bass, George F., et al. [34] Being in close proximity the Assyrians and Kassites often came into political and military conflict over the next few centuries. 32731, Horowitz, W., Reeves, S., Stillman, L., White, M., & Zilberg, P. (2015). "Inscription of Kurigalzu I". (Louvre, Paris; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) 17-22. to 540 B.C. 2134, 1953, T. Clayden. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. Krishna was at once an incarnation of Vishnu and Shiva. The images were made by stamping or rolling the seals into wet clay. The first Kassite dynast who ruled Babylonia was Burnaburia I, the tenth king of the Babylonian King List (Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 467), but the possibility that his predecessor, Agum-kakrime (Agum II), already controlled Babylon cannot be excluded (see Podany, 2002, p. 59). Republished under the British Museum Standard Terms of Use for non-profit educational purposes. After the invasion of Tukulti-Ninurta I the Kassite rulers of Babylonia bore a mixture of Akkadian and Kassite names. But how can people not see Ahmose named her son Ahmose because she pulled him from the water. Five prominent individuals and several places in Inner Media had Kassite names. [37] According to the Assyrian Synchronistic Chronicle, which is not considered reliable, the last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi, was taken to Susa and imprisoned there in 1155 BC, where he also died. 417 f.). Volume 1 Kardunia. The ruler Shutruk-Nakhkhunte is credited with permanently ending Kassite power. The texts are unclear about who the Apiru/Hapiru/Habiru people are. The fall of Babylon is reported by a number of ancient sources, including the Cyrus Cylinder, the Greek historian Herodotus, as well as a number of books in the Old Testament. [24] They were reported in Babylonia by the 18th century BC, especially around the area of Sippar. 421-436. F. H. Weissbach, he Kissa, in Pauly-Wissowa, RE 21, 1921, pp. Les Kassites, un peuple antique qui n'tait ni indo-europen, ni smite, tait originaire du Lorestan. After the fall of the Akkadian Empire, two new empires rose to power. Volume 2 Kardunia. There may be several Kassite names in Old Babylonian uarr in the Zagros (see Eidem, 1992, p. 49b, top; Sassmannshausen, 1999, p. 412 with n. 16). Speiser View PDF Biblical history proper begins with the call to Abraham to leave his native country and set out for a destination that is to become the Promised Land. They continued to refer to such units after they had taken control over cities. According to history, what we do know is that they first appeared as a military force in the time of Samsuiluna (1749-1712 BC), Hammurapi's successor, but that is all we know about them until the time that they established a dynasty in Babylonia, around 1595 BC. The Kassites entered into Babylon after the Old Babylonian Empire and established their rule around 1531 B.C. 3 And all the princes of the king of Babylon came in, and sat . The panes of glass used to create these images were very brightly colored, and closer analysis has revealed that they were bright green, blue, white, and red-orange. Volume 2 Kardunia. The Bible, however, distinguishes the Havilah that serves as one of the boundaries of Ishmaelite territory from all other places named Havilah, with the qualifying phrase "by Shur, which is close to Egypt" (Gen. 25:18). ISBN 978-9004430914. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. A culture that rules babylonia from the 16th and 12th centuries BC. 39:1-45:5 - the most detailed account in the Old Testament of Babylon conquest of Jerusalem and its aftermath. MOSAIC GLASS FROM HASANLU, MARLIK, AND TELL AL-RIMAH. Journal of Glass Studies, vol. K. Nashef, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der mittelbabylonischen und mittelassyrischen Zeit, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 5, Wiesbaden, 1982. 9 f.) thinks that the governor of Nippur was the head of the Babylonian aristocrats, but his suggestion, namely, that in the personality of the governor of Nippur was manifested to a certain degree the personality of a second king, cannot be substantiated. Elam is recorded in history at the time of Sagron of Akkad around 2300 BC where it is listed on the Bible Timeline. 27181. 42-122, 2022, Buchanan, Briggs. and debt slaves, thereby containing internal inequalities of wealth and legal status (slave-free continuum: see Brinkman, 1982). ). Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. 3, 1963, pp. Babylonia was divided into two kingdoms, that of the Kassites in the north and the Sealand in the south, including Uruk, Ur, and Larsa. Historians and scholars claim that their rule was the longest in the history of ancient Babylon. His stele tells of a civil war of sorts and is backed by later Greek sources. [46], The Kassite language has not been classified. This article is available in print.Vol. Their leaders came to power in Babylon following the collapse of the ruling dynasty of the Old Babylonian Period in 1595 BC. Please support World History Encyclopedia. The cities of Ashkelon and Gezer were Philistine territory that werent fully conquered by Israel. The Tabernacle of Ancient Israel - Brief Overview of the Tabernacle of Moses in the Wilderness and the Ark of the Covenant. Where did the Hittites live in ancient Anatolia? This is the first entry which will cover the Kassite period (1600-1160 BCE). The Kassites: An ancient Near Eastern people, the Kassites ruled Babylonia from from 1531 BC to 1155 BC after the fall of the First Babylonian Empire. Charpin, 1995). E. C. Cancik-Kirschbaum, Die mittelassyrischen Briefe aus Tall amad, Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall amad/Dr-Katlimmu (BATSH) 4, Texte 1, Berlin 1996. They ruled for over 400 years. ; Pientka, 1998, pp. Abraham, K. (2013). J. Boese, Burnaburia II, Meliipak und die mittelbabylonische Chronologie, Ugarit Forschungen 14, 1982, pp. After acting as king of Babylon for a year (1220 BCE), Tukulti-Ninurta I appointed a succession of puppet rulers, who controlled Babylonia for a decade. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Dr-Kurigalzu: New Perspectives". 95 ff. Learn facts that you cant learn just from reading the Bible 45-92, Pinches, T. G. The Question of the Kassite Language. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1907, pp. 17 f.). In the early 1st millennium BCE the countryside has become increasingly tribal and hostile towards the Babylonian temple cities (see Edens, 1994, pp. 2023 Encyclopdia Iranica Foundation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Incredible Bible - First in the BKA Series. Map Store - Download High-Res Maps and Images, 2023, Bible History | All rights reserved, Middle Babylonian Period (1595 - 1000 BC). (Deuteronomy 12:31 NIV). Their direct or indirect ties to the Middle Euphrates region enhanced their communication with the Hittites who controlled parts of northern Syria, so they might have been instrumental in enabling the temporary conquest of Babylon by the Hittite king Telipinu, who put an end to Hammurabis dynasty in 1595 BCE and eventually gave way for the Kassite rule in Babylonia. Jahrtausend v.Chr., Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 12/2, Wiesbaden, 2001. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. As is clear from this material, the Kassites spoke a language without a genetic relationship to any other known tongue (cf. 177-189, Krebernik, M., and Seidl, U. Most cultic offices and lower administrative ranks were almost exclusively in the hands of Babylonians (Akkadians). [56], Seals were used widely across the Near Eastern kingdoms during the Kassite rule. Large Map of Israel in the First Century - Click around on the Cities. This should come at no surprise given the nature of god/goddess worship within the land. Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. Kassite period, 14th century BCE. Who were the kassites in the Bible? 1-14. Your email address will not be published. Kraus on the occasion of his seventieth birthday, Studia Francisci Scholten memoriae dicata 5, Leiden, 1982, pp. 54, 1992, pp. The Semitic mind of the Bible could see that universality connoted in the phrase 'for many'. 11-15). On the other hand, they are not underrepresented in the ration lists, which points to their presence in the lower echelons of the society. Charpin, 1995). 125-145, Potts, Daniel T. (1999). I. M. Diakonoff and S. M. Kashkai, Geographical Names According to Urartian Texts, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 9, Wiesbaden, 1979. [38], The annals of the Assyrian king Sennacherib detail that on his second, eastern, campaign of 702 BC he campaigned against the land of the Kassites, that being along the along the Diyala River between the Jebel Hamrin and the Darband-i-Khan. Jesus is the culmination of His ancestors' expectation of the fulfillment of the Edenic Promise. Before entering Mesopotamia they were illiterate mountain people speaking a language that is not known today. "Now a river flowed out of Eden to water the garden; and from there it divided and became four rivers. A Harmony of the Life of Jesus - Four gospel accounts in harmony. 3000-323 BC., Oxford, 2003. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Clayden, Tim. Already at that time they could purchase land and acted as officials, especially in horse breeding (Heinz, 1995, p. 167). M. Hlscher, Die Personennamen der kassitenzeitlischen Texte aus Nippur, Imgula 1, Mnster, 1996. [1] By the time of Babylon's fall, the Kassites had already been part of the region for a century and a half, acting sometimes with the Babylon's interests and sometimes against. Web. Kar-Duniash was the name given to ancient Babylon during the reign of the Kassite kings. 535-545, Taha Baqir, "Iraq Government Excavations at 'Aqar Qf. Picture Study Bible - StudyBible with Pictures and Maps. One Kassite invention was the boundary stone (kudurru), a block of stone that served as a record of a grant of land by the king to favoured persons. They were conquered by Alexander the Great but later regained their independence. Ahmose ruled in the 6th century BCE. There is very little evidence for serious political problems before the thirteenth century BC when Assyria to the north and Elam to the east began to threaten Babylonia, and eventually brought an end to Kassite control. Brinkman, 1986). 58, no. 04 Mar 2023. [57] The images created by these seals were unique to each seal, but many shared the same subject matter. Old Testament Overview - General survey of the Old Testament. In the time of Old Babylonia they were hired mercenaries for the state and also formed bands of outlaw rebels against the state. The Kassites left no cultural impact in Babylonia. A. Belmonte Marn, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der Texte aus Syrien im 2. Foreign Relations of Babylonia from 1600 to 625 B. C.: The Documentary Evidence. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. At the peak of their power the Kassites, under Kurigalzu I in the mid 14h century BC, conquered Elam and sacked the capital of Susa. Iran 11.1 (1973): 1-27, Levine, Louis D. "Geographical Studies in the Neo-Assyrian ZagrosII." A people called the Kassites conquered Babylonia in about 1600 bce. Babylonian wealth and influence at this time is reflected in the use of the cuneiform script and the Babylonian language as the main form of diplomatic communication. van Soldt Grammatical Irregularities in Middle Babylonian Texts and their Chronology 165 Helen Malko The Kassites of Babylonia: A Re-examination of an Ethnic Identity 177 Odette Boivin The Palace as Economic Production . The Babylonian territory had experienced internal strife and rebellion and the people of Elam took advantage of this situation and conquered Babylon. The administration was directed from the palaces of various cities. A new dynasty emerged about 1750 BC by a foreign people known as the Kassites. The number of Kassite appellatives is restricted (slightly more than 60 vocables, mostly referring to colors, parts of the chariot, irrigation terms, plants, and titles). kudurru). 7 f.) maintains that (1) the real owner of the country was the king, who granted land, and at least at the beginning of the Kassite period there was no land tenure outside of crown grant; (2) persons holding landed property had to perform certain duties to the king; exemption was possible only by royal decree. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. But the Kassites resumed control of Babylonia thanks to Elamite pressure and a successful Babylonian rebellion. 2. The city was built by Kurigalzu I (probably in the first quarter of the 15th century BCE). and ruled the area for 576 years. Provincial Administration in Babylonia under the Second Dynasty of Isin. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. Other ceramic goods, such as traps for small animals and vessels commonly thought to be fruit stands were found also. The Canaan has been plundered into every sort of woe: The Absurd History Of Papal Edicts Concerning Jews, How Well Do You Know Your Bible? Qala'at al-Bahrain/2 The central monumental buildings. diss., Columbia University, 2002. Nevertheless, some Babylonian cultural influence presumably persisted there. The Babylonian Kudurru Inscriptions and their Legal and Sociohistorical Implications". The Kassites abandoned their own culture after a couple of generations of dominance, allowing themselves to be absorbed into Babylonian civilization. Some kudurrus are kept in the Louvre in Paris and others in the National Museum of Iraq. The Kassite rulers encouraged the collection, codification, and canonization of Babylonian religious-literary texts. 45-52. Adad-shuma-usur had the longest reign that lasted for about 30 years. The archive originates, not from the temple, but from the palace of the governor (andabakku, Sumerian U.EN.NA) of Nippur (see Balkan, 1986, p. 8). 2, 1971, Ferrara, A. J. Slavery was common, but not the dominant factor of the workforce. Balkan, 1954, p. 109). D. Charpin, propos des rois de Hana, Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brves et Utilitaires, 1995, no. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Kassites after the fall of the Kassite dynasty. 1/2, 1981, pp. Balkan, 1954, pp. Edzard, Jasubigallja, in RlA V, 1976-80, p. 271a. There is a radical change of the administrative terminology. The Worst Televangelist Product Scams Of All Time. 1-19. As for the meaning of Ahmose, I am no Egyptologist but I am fairly certain that his name means born of Iah (the moond god). The world of the Bible is knowable. The Babylonians - Learn about ancient Babylon and the people who lived there. The rulers of the successive three post-Kassite dynasties (ca. v. Kassite kings ruled for about 400 years. Selves Engraved on Stone: Seals and Identity in the Ancient Near East, ca. Administration and Society in Kassite Babylonia. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. "New Light on Dilbat: Kassite Building Activities on the Ura Temple E-Ibbi-Anum at Tell al-Deylam" Zeitschrift fr Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archologie, vol. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. A 300-year Middle Eastern Dark lasted from 1157 to 883 B.C. The Karun river runs a course of over 500 miles. It does not store any personal data. Most of the Kassite kings ruled on an average of 17 to 20 years. K. De Graef, Les trangers dans les textes palobabyloniens tardifs de Sippar (Abi-eu-Samsuditana): 1ire partie: Sur les inconnus connus: Cassites, Elamites, Sutens, Suens, Gutens et Subarens, Akkadica 111, 1998, pp. How does violence against the family pet affect the family? It was discovered in 1896 and is stored in the Cairo Museum currently. In the period . Following Hammurabi, the Kassites took over Elam and reigned till around . of Pientka, Sptaltbabylonische Zeit, OLZ 95, 2000, pp. 2, 2006, pp. 159-70. I read the Bible four times as a child I thought I believed different from everyone else. Just exactly who The Kassites were, and anything about their origins and history, is very obscure. But, dont take my word for all of that. There are numerous accounts in both Akkadian and Canaanite literature that speak of the religious nature of the area, which affirms the biblical accounts. Other revealing information is provided by the Amarna letters, which include correspondence from the Kassite Babylonian kings to the Egyptian pharaohs of the mid-fourteenth century BC. 32, no. Recall that in the first five books of the Bible idolatry was a major issue. Unique Circular Format see more in less space. 2, pp. Literature that falls in the category of mythical will not be covered even though there is a large amount of biblical and Akkadian literature that refers to the same events, such as creation and flood events. The inscription is believed to be between 1400 1200 BCE, right around the time where Israel was in captivity or shortly after leaving captivity. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. Idem, rev. Many Old Babylonian terms for functionaries do not continue. Roman Empire Map - Historical records indicate that the remaining Kassiste people eventually migrated back to their homeland in modern day Iran and were conquered ruled by the Greeks under Alexander the Great. J. But Babylonia remained a world power: the Hittite king Hattuili III contacted Kadaman-Enlil II (1258-50 BCE) when the latter became king, in order to continue their good relations. L. Sassmannshausen, The Adaptation of the Kassites to the Babylonian Civilization, in K. van Lerberghe and G. Voet, eds., Languages and Cultures in Contact. ), in O. Lipschits and J. Blenkinsopp, eds., Judah and Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period, Winona Lake, 2003, pp. After this point, the Kassites had faded into obscurity. "People Praying on Stone: Identity in Kassite Babylonian Seals, ca. 225, 1977, pp. Some Assyrian sources call the Babylonian ruler king of the Kassites.. It is possible that the Habiru in the Amarna Letters are a mix of Hebrews from Egypt and also local rebels from the previous Hebrew peoples, like Abraham was. 263 f. with lit.). At some point between the 14th and 9th centuries BCE, the great ziggurat of Babylon was built which would later become associated with the Tower of Babel. 251-54. H. H. Paper, rev. Jt. The mosaic glass beakers are thought to have been heirlooms, possibly for ritual use the find spot being a temple. Over the centuries, however, the Kassites were absorbed into the Babylonian population. A. H. Podany, The Land of Hana: Kings, Chronology, and Scribal Tradition, Bethesda, Md., 2002. [10][11] A few inscribed building materials of Kurigalzu I were found at Kish. The Mosaic Glass Vessels from Hasanlu, Iran: A Study in Large-Scale Stylistic Trait Distribution The Art Bulletin , Vol. (Adaside dynasty1700722 BCE)Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II, Second Intermediate PeriodSixteenthDynasty Therefore, it cannot be ruled out that this may be just an accident of documentation. Iran 12.1 (1974): 99-124. But a Bible verse got me back to reading the Bible again. Once Kassite rulers were finally overthrown, they never regained power. Learn how your comment data is processed. On the Seal Impressions on Some Old Babylonian Tablets Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. The most advanced Bible dictionary as a part of Biblia Plus, which includes everything you need to take your Bible study to the next level. First mentioned in the Bible is the record of Genesis 10:8-10 which names Nimrod, the grandson of Ham, as the founder of the city in the dim prehistoric past. Idem, A Political History of Post-Kassite Babylonia, Analecta Orientalia 43, Rome, 1968. They slowly then began to make their way southward toward Babylon. The anonymity of most of the Kassites in late Old Babylonian sources is not greatly remedied by the new occurrences from the unpublished texts evaluated by Richardson (2002, pp. 209-23. Eight among the last kings of the Kassite dynasty have Akkadian names. "The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun: 1986 Campaign." In letter #108, Rib-Hadda gives praises to Baal and also Samas in the sky. According to other ancient texts found concerning the Habiru, they were found to live all along the fertile crescent in the 2nd millennium BCE. The Kassites (/ksats/) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1531 BC and until c. 1155 BC (short chronology). Ran Zadok, "KASSITES,"Encyclopdia Iranica, online edition, 2015, available at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kassites (accessed on 13May2015). There is a striking parallel in the #287 and #290 Amarna letters referring to Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem. It has also been suggested that the first element in Kudur-Enlil's name is derived from Elamite but that is disputed.[49][50]. Omissions? License. 1, 2006, pp. The Kassites ( / ksats /) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1595 BC and until c. 1155 BC ( middle chronology ). Agriculture was in the hands of many dutiable landowners and their agricultural workers as well as tenants.