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Thus, this study aimed at investigating the physiographic characteristics of agricultural lands, farmers . Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave1, 2011-2012. 3. Agricultural equipment and systems, such as tractors, irrigation equipment, and grain handling Infrastructure like, silos, cold storage facilities, etc. Agriculture accounts for 36% percent of the nation's Gross domestic Product (GDP) as of 2020. Agricultural products account for . U.S. Department of Commerce In addition, some of Ethiopias cash crops show potential for growth and offer possible investment opportunities in areas such as coffee, oilseeds, pulses, fruits and vegetables, honey, cut flowers, tea, and spices. As a result, agriculture continued to grow, albeit below the population growth rate. Some informal trade is most likely occurring in production areas located along borders. The existence of so many land tenure systems, coupled with the lack of reliable data, made it difficult to give a comprehensive assessment of landownership in Ethiopia, as well as depressed the ability of peasants to improve themselves. Regional Agricultural Research Centers (RARCs) under the respective regional bureaus of agriculture. Lake Tana Subbasin's Economy and The Role of Natural Resources -- 22. These activities have contributed to higher yields and increased production of both crops and livestock. In addition to wheat, the demand for oilseeds, such as soybeans and Niger seed, is expected to grow as Ethiopias demand for both cooking oil and livestock feed increases. In addition, increased peasant consumption caused shortages of food items such as teff, wheat, corn, and other grains in urban areas. Therefore, investment in commercial farming requires considerable due diligence. In order to reduce the severity of this problem, several agricultural development strategies have been implemented since the 1960's. Washington, DC 20230. There are opportunities to process livestock products for both local and export markets. It focusses on Ethiopia and provides a broad overview of some of the key developments in agriculture. Tenant farmers in southern Ethiopia, where the average tenancy was as high as 55% and rural elites exploited farmers, welcomed the land reform. Wubne, Mulatu. Merkebu Getachew. [17], Cotton is grown throughout Ethiopia below elevations of about 1,400 meters. Grain consumption, especially for wheat and wheat-based products like bread and pasta, continues to climb as incomes rise and more people move to urban centers. Nevertheless, Ethiopia's manufacturing sector is still far from being the engine of growth and structural change. major pulse crops grown in the country are chickpea, haricot beans, lentils, fababean and peas, The Ethiopian Orthodox Church traditionally has forbidden consumption of animal fats on many days of the year. Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor. Barley is grown mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters. Agriculture accounts for most of (30-42%)t of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. Grain imports are almost exclusively limited to wheat, nearly all of which the GOEs state-trading arm (i.e., Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation) purchases off the international market and later distributes in the local market at a subsidized price. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. [30] These tools includes sickle, pick axe, plough shaft, ploughshare, plow, beam and animal force as a machines. fINTENSIVE FARMING. Source: Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, Total Market Size = (Total Local Production + Total Imports) (Total Exports). Characteristics and challenges of the Ethiopian highlands farming systems. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. Jorge Morales Pedraza. During Derg rule, veterinary stations were opened at Bahir Dar, Bedele, and Bishoftu to provide treatment and vaccination services. [11], The primary motive for the expansion of state farms was the desire to reverse the drop in food production that has continued since the revolution. Land Use Distribution and Change in Lake Tana Sub Basin -- 23. Ethiopia: Urban Agriculture and Poverty Alleviation. For instance, the 198485 official procurement price for 100 kilograms of teff was 42 birr at the farm level and 60 birr when the AMC purchased it from wholesalers. By 1990 the state had begun to develop large poultry farms, mostly around Addis Ababa, to supply hotels and government institutions. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. NEED FOR A SPECIFIC TREATMENT OF AGRICULTURE . Ethiopia's agricultural sector has developed favourably over the past decade, but rapid population growth, limited access to fertile land, and volatile agricultural outcomes pose problems for the . [7], Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. Includes a market overview and trade data. [7] Multinational agribusinesses supply these industrial poultry farms with high yielding breeds, such as Rhode Island Reds and White Leghorns. [7], Of Ethiopia's total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. The market is segmented by type into food crops, fruits, and vegetables. Potential niche market for wheat and soybean exports. Fresh fruits, including citrus and bananas, as well as fresh and frozen vegetables, became important export items, but their profitability was marginal. Land ownership is also a complicating factor. Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute (EIAR), Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation (ETBC). Between 198485 and 198687, at the height of the drought, Ethiopia received more than 1.7 million tons of grain, about 14 percent of the total food aid for Africa. Sandy desert soils cover much of the arid lowlands in the northeast and in the Ogaden of southeastern Ethiopia. In early 1989, for example, the price of one kilogram/US$0.58; of coffee was by June it had dropped to US$0.32. Peasant associations often were periodically compelled to redistribute land to accommodate young families or new households moving into their area. Though the raising of livestock always has been largely a subsistence activity,[22] intensive, factory farm facilities are gaining in popularity and are present in Addis Ababa and Debre Zeit, run by Ethiopian agribusiness ELFORA. In the case of the textile and apparel sector, a shortage of locally-produced cotton suggests a need for cotton imports, including from the United States. The Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey (ESS) is a collaborative project between the Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) and the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study- Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) team. They are sticky when wet, hard when dry, and difficult to work. Adigrat University, College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production and Technology, Adgrat, Tigray, Ethiopia Address: Adigrat University, P.O.Box 50 Abstract: Ethiopia is endowed with diverse cattle genetic resources adapted to various local environmental conditions and acquired unique features. Camels also play a key role as pack animals in areas below 1,500 meters in elevation. Private . Agriculture is defined as the purposeful tending of animals and plants.It provides: basic food supplies for the population; raw materials like cotton, sugar cane, oil seeds, etc. The powers and duties of the MoA include: conservation and use of forest and wildlife resources, food security, water use and small-scale irrigation, monitoring events affecting agricultural development and early warning system . The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia. Role Agriculture in Ethiopian economy. Agro-processing equipment (e.g. [23], However, herding cattle is one of the agricultural activities that resorts to indentured labor and particularly child labor according to the U.S. Department of Labor. The northern parts of the highlands are almost devoid of trees. Grain yields are relatively low due to the countrys rugged topography, poor land management, small-scale landholdings, irregular rainfall, limited mechanization, and insufficient supplies of fertilizer and improved seed. Potential opportunities exist for sales of U.S. livestock genetics and chicken meat. Productivity and technology. These areas are used by pastoralists who move back and forth in the area following the availability of pasture for their animals. In addition to its domestic use, sesame is also the principal export oilseed. The problem became so serious that Mengistu lashed out against the peasantry on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of military rule in September 1978. Ensete flour constitutes the staple food of the local people. See, for example, Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia, "National Statistical Abstract. However, production is constrained in part by outdated ginneries and limited availability of quality inputs, including seed, fertilizer, and pest control agents. As such, investment opportunities in feed, genetics and veterinary services and the supporting industries are expected to grow in the coming years. juice processing, milling machines, extruders for soybean oil). Regular and reliable harvests helped generate stable tax income that led to relatively strong governmental structures that were ultimately the reason that Ethiopia was the only country not to be colonized in the late-nineteenth century Scramble for Africa apart from Liberia. [27], Most of Ethiopia's estimated 48 million sheep and goats are raised by small farmers who used them as a major source of meat and cash income. Agriculture in the Lake Tana Sub-Basin of Ethiopia -- 24. Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. With about 117 million people (2021), Ethiopia is the second most populous nation in Africa after Nigeria, and still the fastest growing economy in the region, with 6.3% growth in FY2020/21. However, it is also one of the poorest, with a per capita gross national income of $960. Section D. It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Rain-fed cotton also grew in Humera, Bilate, and Arba Minch. Niger seed is found mostly in the northern and central highlands at elevations between 1,800 and 2,500 meters. Mengistu told the 1989 WPE party congress that at US$0.32 per kilogram, foreign-exchange earnings from coffee would have dropped by 240 million Birr, and government revenue would have been reduced by 140 million Birr by the end of 1989. In fact, over 50% of the daily caloric intake of an average household is from wheat, sorghum, and corn. In addition, the GOE continues to invest heavily in the expansion of the sugar industry, which is slated to be privatized in the near future with the aim of become one of the top ten sugar producers in the world over the next decade. Private traders and the Agricultural Marketing Corporation (AMC), established in 1976, marketed Ethiopia's agricultural output. Characteristics of agricultural landscape features and local soil fertility management practices in Northwestern Amhara, Ethiopia. During 1983-84 the Ministry of Agriculture used "food for work" projects to raise 65 million tree seedlings, plant 18,000 hectares of land, and terrace 9,500 hectares of land. [7], By the mid-1960s, many sectors of Ethiopian society favored land reform. J. Mengistu and his advisers believed that state farms would produce grain for urban areas, raw materials for domestic industry, and also increase production of cash crops such as coffee to generate badly needed foreign exchange. There is a functional relationship between the use of ove. UNJP-RWEE was a five-year long initiative with the objective of accelerating the economic empowerment of rural women . The second type consists of brownish-to-gray and black soils with a high clay content. With respect to increasing productivity, the GOE, alongside its international partners, has made a number of interventions to support the development of the agriculture sector. Agriculture >. Textile and apparel manufacturing and equipment. This article examines the characteristics of and choice among two production technologies in Ethiopian agriculture, one with fertilizer and the other without, using 1989-90 farm-level data. Land tenure rights as well as natural disasters, such as floods, hamper the countrys ability to quickly expand cotton production. Hence, fewer people send their cattle in transhumance.[29]. <i>Objective</i>. Grains - Grains are the most important field crops and the main element in the diet of most Ethiopians. The GOE is focusing on expanding chicken meat production in order to reduce the countrys longstanding dependence on the livestock sector, minimize the sectors environmental footprint, and provide more affordable protein to the masses. In addition to red meat, there are emerging opportunities in chicken, egg, and dairy production and processing. However, even with this anticipated increase in chicken meat production, demand is expected to outstrip supply, thereby creating potential opportunities for imports. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Milk and dairy processing, and supporting equipment and systems. ", Tables D.4 D.7. In the same fiscal year, 707,059.29 hectares under cultivation produced 6,169,279.99 quintals of oilseeds, an increase from the previous year of 4,970,839.57 quintals grown on 741,790.98 hectares. Matou, P., Y. Todo, et al. Blue Nile makes about 80% by volume of the Great Nile River. agriculture, poverty and illiteracy are important causes of land and environmental degradation in Ethiopia. However, the sector has always performed poorly; about one-half of the rural residents in Ethiopia live below the national poverty line, and the rural population is endowed with few and poorly provided social amenities. For this reason, some environmental experts maintain that large-scale conservation work in Ethiopia has been ineffective. The GOE has approved two different varieties of Bt cottonseeds for commercial cultivation. The clearing of land for agricultural use and the cutting of trees for fuel gradually changed the scene, and today forest areas have dwindled to less than 4% of Ethiopia's total land. However, beginning in 1987 the decline in world coffee prices, reduced Ethiopia's foreign-exchange earnings. [31] ploughing the land to soften the land takes three months and from sowing and seedling to the harvesting of the crops requires three to four months. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave2, 2013-2014. Three factors contributed to the decline in the relative importance of pulses and oilseeds. Recently, the GOE has permitted imports of basic food commodities using franco-valuta scheme to narrow supply and demand gap and reduce rising inflation in the country. ", Table D.2. [7], President Mengistu's 1990 decision to allow free movement of goods, to lift price controls, and to provide farmers with security of tenure was designed to reverse the decline in Ethiopia's agricultural sector. Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. A major subsistence crop, barley is used as food and in the production of tella, a locally produced beer. In the 20062007 EFY hides, skins and leather products made up 7.5% of the total export value; live animals accounted for 3.1% of the total value of exports during the same period. Section D. The importance of smallholder farming is increasingly recognized in rural areas where increased crop productivity and market participation can effectively improve their dietary diversity and nutrition quality. Assess the effect of the main factors of Ethiopia crop production (land, labor & capital) in general and cereal production in particular. [25], Both the imperial and the Marxist governments tried to improve livestock production by instituting programs such as free vaccination, well-digging, construction of feeder roads, and improvement of pastureland, largely through international organizations such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank. But in the northern highlands, where title to farm land was shared amongst members of descent groups, many people resisted land reform. In fact, the soybean crushing and soybean oil refining industry is quickly emerging. During this period, markets were major actors of economic activity and various positive measures, which encouraged . Ethiopia's economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for 46% of GDP and 85% of total employment. [19][20], Sorghum, millet, and corn are cultivated mostly in warmer areas at lower altitudes along the country's western, southwestern, and eastern peripheries. The 1977 famine also provided an impetus to promote conservation. [16] In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of oilseeds accounted for 15.78% of export earnings (or million 187.4 Birr) and pulses 5.92% (or 70.3 million Birr). Soil acidity is one of the most important environmental threats to the Ethiopian highlands where the livelihood of the majority of people is reliant on agriculture. For northwest and central Ethiopia, fertilizer usage determinants are estimated simultaneously with technology-specific production functions. Abstract and Figures. Oilseeds of lesser significance include castor beans, rapeseed, peanuts, and safflower and sunflower seeds. [7], Government attempts to implement land reform also created problems related to land fragmentation, insecurity of tenure, and shortages of farm inputs and tools. After the 1975 land reform, peasants began withholding grain from the market to drive up prices because government price-control measures had created shortages of consumer items. In this regard, Ethiopia is looking to expand development efforts to fight land degradation and to reduce pollution; reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions; increase forest protection and development; increase production of electricity from renewable sources for domestic use and for export; and focus on modern and energy saving technologies. Production jumped from 43,500 tons in 197475 to 74,900 tons in 198485. As with many equatorial countries, the sun dictates time in Ethiopia. Please see below for the market overview and trade data. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. In addition, Ethiopia spent 341 million Birr on food purchases during the 1985-87 period. University students led the land reform movement and campaigned against the government's reluctance to introduce land reform programs and the lack of commitment to integrated rural development. Most of these farmers lived in the Ethiopian Highlands, mainly at elevations of 1,500 to 3,000 meters. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Skip to Article Content; Skip to Article Information; Search within. It is a major subsistence crop and it is used as food. The combined pressure of crop and livestock production and the ever-increasing human f AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN ETHIOPIA 285 population on the land in this farming system is high. The highest concentration of poultry is in Shewa, in central Wollo, and in northwestern Tigray. [7], The objectives of villagization included grouping scattered farming communities throughout the country into small village clusters, promoting rational land use, conserving resources, providing access to clean water and to health and education services, and strengthen security. [7] In EFY 20072008, the CSA reported that 17,827,387.94 quintals of pulses were produced on 1,517,661.93 hectares, an increase from the 15,786,215.3 quintals produced on 1,379,045.77 hectares. According to a 1987 estimate, beef accounted for about 51% of all meat consumption, followed by mutton and lamb (19%), poultry (15%), and goat (14%). Ethiopia's major staple crops include a variety of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and coffee. The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic panel household level data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and the link between . In the late nineteenth century, about 30% of Ethiopia was covered with forest. Years of bi-directional causality were found between agriculture and manufacturing and services sectors before 1975. Vertisols are very important soils in Ethiopian agriculture. Ethiopia sources cotton mainly from India and other international suppliers. The contribution of agriculture to growth in the manufacturing and services sectors was not significant between 1978 and 1998. The pilot areas selected for establishment of the Agro-Industrial Parks are mainly based on the potential of existing agricultural resources and allied sectors, infrastructure, and facilities. By 1989, the area covered by the State Farms had grown to a total of 220,000 hectares. The high concentration of animals in the highlands, together with the fact that cattle are often kept for status, reduces the economic potential of Ethiopian livestock. The GOE has an ambitious plan to attain wheat self-sufficiency and halt importations. The plough shaft, beam and ploughshare are made of wood and the sickle, pick axe, plow are made of metal. Farmers' group formation accompanies the reform process. D. espite the countr. Among the overall agricultural output produced by an Ethiopian family farm, only 21 percent are sold, highlighting the subsistence-oriented nature of the country's smallholders. Agriculture as a key element for the development of other sectors 3 3. 27 May 2021. At the moment, there are a few U.S. and foreign firms that have partnered with local companies in the milk business, which has considerable room for growth, as milk consumption is still very low. These conditions include basic agricultural production potentials, access to input and output markets, and local population densities which represent both labor availability and local demand for food. Despite the Derg's efforts to reassure farmers that land reform would not affect them negatively, northerners remained suspicious of the new government's intentions. The AMC was a government agency whose objective was to influence the supply and price of crops. To implement this strategy, the government relied on peasant associations and rural development, cooperatives and state farms, resettlement and villagization, increased food production, and a new marketing policy. For this to happen, the government will need to guarantee sufficient allocations of foreign exchange. Pulses, grown widely at all altitudes from sea level to about 3,000 meters, are more prevalent in the northern and central highlands. Firstly, various policies that discouraged private sector participation in economic activity were implemented during the socialist era (between 1978 and 1992). Explain the main contribution, potentials, characteristics , and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. [7] Since the fall of the Derg, there have been a number of initiatives to improve the food supply, which include research and training by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave3, 2015-2016. In 1971 the Ministry of Agriculture introduced the Minimum Package Program (MPP) to bring about economic and social changes. "National Statistical Abstract. Land Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Ethiopia is home to one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. The third most important oilseed is sesame, which grows at elevations from sea level to about 1,500 meters. This modest increase, however, was not enough to offset a general decrease in GDP during the same period. These soils are found in both the northern and the southern highlands in areas with poor drainage. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. It was also estimated that over 60 percent of the cultivated area was cropland. To achieve this, the GOE seeks to leverage on developing huge unutilized arable land, modernizing production systems, and improving uptake of technology. Public Communication Directorate Tel: +251-116-454441 Fax:+251-116-461294/465412 E-Mail:eiar@eiar.gov.et P.O.Box: 2003 Addis Ababa Ethiopia , Designed & Developed By Yonas T/birhan [10], Until the 1974 revolution, Ethiopia had a complex land tenure system, which some have described as feudal. Private companies are allowed to import food commodities including wheat, rice, sugar, powder milk, and cooking oils. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy, contributing 41.4% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of the total exports, and 80% of all employment in the country (Matousa, Todob, & Mojoc, 2013). Food as a most essential good 3 2.5. >. The economic plan prescribes the following comprehensive measures to overcome the challenges facing the agricultural sector: Enhance productivity of small-holder farmers and pastoralists through provision of modern inputs and services; Develop a legal framework that will allow farmers to lease land and to become shareholders in large commercial farms; Modernize livestock production through improving veterinary infrastructure, research and innovation, and establishing linkages with other industries; Establish effective linkages between agriculture producers and commodity markets as well as the commercial value chain; Encourage private sector investment in agricultural R&D and exploring PPPs to expand medium and large-scale irrigation infrastructure; and. [27], Poultry farming is widely practiced in Ethiopia; almost every farmstead keeps some poultry for consumption and for cash sale. This article is the second in a series that seek to examine the role of agriculture as a developmental opportunity for Africa. <i>Methods</i>. In June, 1997, the Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO), today's Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) was established and merged all the existing agricultural research institutions which included: 1. Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. processed food, beverages, and livestock products meat, milk, and eggs), as well as the textile/apparel and leather industries. Section D. In order to address the ongoing drought, the GOE is renewing its emphasis on developing the countrys irrigation systems and water-harvesting methodologies. External links to other Internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views or privacy policies contained therein. This is a best prospect industry sector for this country. Per capita meat consumption was high by developing countries' standards, an estimated thirteen kilograms annually. Between 1976 and 1985, the government constructed 600,000 kilometers of agricultural embankments on cultivated land and 470,000 kilometers of hillside terraces, and it closed 80,000 hectares of steep slopes for regeneration. [10] This has raised fears of food being exported to more prosperous countries while the local population faces its own shortage. the agriculture sector in Ethiopia relies to a greater extent on availability of suitable land, moisture, climatic .